1. 中国科学院 教育部 水土保持与生态环境研究中心 黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室, 陕西 杨凌,712100
2. 西北农林科技大学 水土保持研究所, 陕西 杨凌,712100
3. 西北大学 城市与环境学院,陕西,西安,710127
纸质出版:2019
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Zhang Jiaqiong, Ma Bo, Shui Junfeng, et al. Investigation Report on Soil Erosion in Northern Mountain Area of Thailand[J]. Bulletin of Soiland Water Conservation, 2019, 39(1): 1-8. DOI: 10.13961/j.cnki.stbctb.2019.01.001.
[目的]在泰国北部山区开展实地调查,研究该区土壤侵蚀特征,旨在为泛第三极暖湿区的土壤侵蚀预报和水土流失治理提供依据。[方法]以位于北部山区的清莱府为泰国土壤侵蚀典型区域的代表区域,选取18个调查单元(小流域/矩形区),于2018年11月22-29日调查了该区土壤侵蚀的类型与特征、土地利用类型及其空间分布、植被类型及盖度、耕地状况和作物类型、水土保持措施等。[结果]土壤侵蚀主要发生在道路、田地边坡、坡耕地(尤其是新耕种的坡地)和建设用地边坡,部分林下也可见侵蚀沟发育。未经硬化的土路大多存在不同程度的侵蚀,部分道路形成严重的侵蚀沟。坡耕地的侵蚀在新耕种的田块及其边坡处尤为严重,田块内部主要表现为细沟和浅沟侵蚀,以新近种植的菠萝地最为严重。林下土壤侵蚀主要出现在林下裸露的橡胶纯林内,甚至有浅沟和切沟出现。18个调查单元的平均土壤侵蚀模数介于480.9~3 565.3 t/(km·a)之间,总体平均为1 767.9 t/(km·a)。该区域土壤侵蚀模数及其空间变异的主控因素是地形因子。[结论]泰国北部山区虽有大面积的森林覆盖,但采用的水土保持措施相对简单,对开垦坡地的不合理利用引起了严重的人为加速侵蚀,加之该区地形复杂,导致土壤侵蚀严重威胁生态安全和粮食安全。同时,该区的土壤侵蚀基础观测资料缺乏,迫切需要加强土壤侵蚀的基础研究和基础数据的采集,提升对该区域土壤侵蚀过程与机理的认识,注重水土保持措施的综合运用,同时加强土壤培肥、污染防治和土壤保育等措施,保障泰国农业的可持续健康发展。
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