[Objective] Urban population size of Anhui Province was revealed under resource constraint conditions in order to provide a decision-making reference for Anhui Province regarding the urbanization development planning and the sustainable urbanization development strategy. [Methods] Resource consumption was viewed comprehensively. Curve regression analysis method and fractal model were applied to explore the fractal characteristics of urban population scale structure by SPSS software. [Results] Resource consumption and urbanization scale in Anhui Province presented a S-shaped curve evolutionary law. Under resource constraints

the theoretical value of proper urban population scale should be 21.843 million in Anhui Province. Urban population presents a low-level balanced distribution in Anhui Province with less strong monopoly of primate city(Hefei City)

of which the fractal dimension D value is 1.54.And the ideal population scale of primate city(Hefei City) is 3.716 7 million. The key of population urbanization is to guide the agglomeration of rural population towards small towns and enhance the leading status of primate city in Anhui Province. [Conclusion] The future urbanization focus of Anhui Province is to speed up the construction of primate city(Hefei City) and guide the migration of rural population to county town.