Research on the restoration and reconstruction of disturbed ecosystem has increased since the 1970s.Degradation of ecological system has been recently considered as one of scientific hot spots and public focuses.The long history of human settlement in most parts of Europe means that landscapes have become highly modified.Based on the review of the references on ecological restoration

the emphases of the study on European ecological restoration and reconstruction

including the current status of ecological restoration and constraints

are discussed in view of the ecosystem types of Europe.Ecological and socio-economic constraints

especially scientific uncertainty

are also analyzed.Some important cases of ecological restoration and rehabilitation are summarized and analyzed

including many ecosystem types such as forest

river

lake

wetland

and wasteland.Driving forces for ecological restoration in Europe are discussed

including establishment of the European Union

implementation of international agreements and national priorities

development of ecological networks

public opinion

and financial aids

etc.Lastly

the problems and development trends are discussed on European ecological restoration and rehabilitation.